نشریه زبان و ادب فارسی
پیاپی 39 (تابستان 1398)

Unlike his social poems which express the social and political concerns of the society, Ahmed Shamlou, in his emotional poetry, addresses his emotions and personal feelings. The influence and utilization of archetypes, common narratives, and myths of both Persian and world literature can be noticed in these poems, which primarily show the poet has been affected by the literary cannons of the East and the West. But, inspired by his modern attitude, de-familiarization, and the aptitude to create an overwhelming (unorthodox) space is one of his concerns that shows how the poet has been distracted from the traditional classical context of classical poetry by creating a new and innovative mindset and as well as new spaces and themes. In this essay, it has been tried to use the ideas of Gerard Genet regarding the transtextuality, a long poem by Shamlou named “Roxana” has been chosen and it has been investigated that how novel and innovative (unorthodox) space, structure and poetical concepts and themes created and have been used in expressing the feelings.

Narrative immigration literature in Iran is consistently and rapidly expanding due to substantial social issues. It necessitates extensive and multidimensional research in the field of literature and migration. The present study with a comparative study approach searches the two important novels of contemporary migration literature for common components in these works. Both novels express (like the autobiography) the lives of two immigrant writers. The results indicate that the nostalgia of home is left behind and its belongings and multiple threads (identity, culture, communication, emotions, etc.) of the current world of author, alongside factors such as mental distress and constant fear (out of concentrated flows on migration axis), strongly cause emotional distress of the narrator-author in both novels, and this effective issue has made very close together other narrative factors of both novels, like choosing the viewing angle, characterization, temporal and spatial rupture of the narrative, plot and narrative language (symbolic) in both novels. Using the narrative technique of stream of consciousness, mental reflections, time intervals, symbolic language, continuous associations, spatial and temporal confusion by relying on an unreliable narrator whom the audience must detect the events of the story through his unbalanced speech, which are a mixture of dream and reality, and most importantly the main design of the two stories that reflect the realities of the situation of migrating human fleeing from home has greatly increased the intertextual relationships of these two novels. 

The debate the issue of " repetitions" and evidence that researchers books in Persian and Arabic rhetoric presented to us that this rhetorical topic t several detective rhetoric necessarily needs to re-examine and deepen it. The examples seen in this section are examples of where there is no prejudice Pfsaanha what it is that include studying under a similar title repetitions or refining. Which you should pay attention to in the study of these examples is that some writers within Investigation defects eloquence while others book within Investigation Budaiya science. This issue is no different than the rhetoric would Persian Arab and perhaps of topics that are not cared for by the ancients but may have sinned in within the theme of eloquence, or at least may have sinned in the mentioned several examples of them. By this. But on the other hand, we find contemporaries who have not views of what the ancients were without to reflect them. This article mean by addressing The opinions of critics and researchers to discuss repetitions in rhetoric Persian and Arabic.

The word of "ceremony" has been used in differentmeanings since the past. The study of the sources of tolerance in the use of this word and its confusion is the subject of literature and ethics. In this paper, we have tried to explain each of the above terms by exploring the sources of relational, reliant, and cited documents, reasoning, and analysis, specifically explaining the difference in ethics. Based on what we have achieved, we have been able to describe various aspects of the differences of customs with ethics, in such a way that, based on the achievements of this research, one can find a scientific way of expressing the ways of sharing and differentiating morality and morality. It can be said briefly that the results of this research are a clearer explanation of customs, literature, and ethics, with the explanation that custom is based on art and ethics based on the divine nature of man.

One of the complicated and conspicuous issues in the field of theology is the theme of likeness and pureness. Similarness and pureness can be considered as the rational and spiritual state of the recognition of the transcendence by man . In similarity, man attributes some traits such as hearing or sight to truth, for example, one can refer to the story of Moses and the pastor in Rumi's Mathnawa . Of course, the reason for these similes can be found in some of the hadiths and verses . Although some people in the simile sometimes exaggerate so much that Islamic scholars have come up against Tanzania in confronting this group and The privilege of excellence is distinguished from human traits and Exemplified verses of simile are interpreted in a way that does not have a real meaning . This paper, by a descriptive method based on library studies, while investigating the separate views of Ibn Arabi and Maulana, seeks to demonstrate the correct way of dealing with the likeness and temporal problem by recognizing the views of these two great mystics .

Mantiq Al-Tayr (The Conference of the Birds) is among the seminal irfanic (mystic) works which can be analyzed based on Bakhtin’s theory of dialogism and the concept of the ‘other’. Attar seeks to establish the position of the birds as the ‘self’ and that of Simorgh or the divine nature as the ‘other’. The journey of the birds toward the Simorgh is a progress toward realizing the value of their existence, and after their spiritual progress, the birds gain a proper understanding of their identity and position. From an irfanic point of view, the world is nothing but divine nature; therefore, considering the binary distinction of the ‘self’ and the ‘other’ is invalid in irfanic thought. According to such a viewpoint, there is no ‘self’, and if man holds such a notion, it is because of his belongings and dependencies in the material world, and what is considered as spiritual progress is the journey toward gaining a new sense of the ‘self’, and realizing that there is no self, and that whatever there is, is Him. Therefore, there is never a conversation between the ‘self’ and ‘other’, and the irfanic viewpoint is essentially non-polyphonic (monologic). What is recognized in irfan (mysticism) and what the aref (holder of true knowledge) seeks to attain through his spiritual progress is denial of the self and manifesting the divine. That is what is known as tawhid (oneness) in irfan.

The main topic of this research is a combination between stylistic of letters of Jami and Ghazzali with the approach of critical discourse analysis. The letters of mystics and great scientists are major historical sources which, in addition to enclosing a lot of political, social and cultural information of the past, they show the relationships between the writers and authorities and different social classes. In this research we are trying to investigate the stylistic features of Jami and Ghazzali in three levels of description, annotation and explanation based on 3_dimentional model of Norman Fairclough in order to answer this questions that each one used which discourse and language strategy to communicate with others in political subjects? Which common and different points are exist in stylistic and language features of their letters? What role does discourse play in letters? The metod of this study is analytical-descriptive and our results showed that the ruling discourse on the letters of Jami is gnostic which, centered on divine love and ruling discourse on the letters of Ghazzali are ascetic which, centered on futurism. Each of them manipulate a discriminate discourse in letters to save authority against government ; but in fact the relationship of Jami's authority is via alignment with power of governors, on the other hand Ghazzalis's authority is via standing against the government apparatus and by this method could control the authority and invited them to adminstrative of justice and supporting people.

The element of language is one of the social phenomena that is constantly changing and metamorphoses. The Persian (farsi) language has not been far from these changes and metamorphoses. One of these and metamorphoses is preposition changing. In this research we examined the prepositions, kinds and its uses in the poetic language of the prominent poets of the samanid’s era and also we compare it with today’s standard language. The examination of the witnesses shows that in mentioned era, simple and compound prepositions have been used. These prepositions from the shape, structure and semantic point of view are of great diversities. Moreover, a prepositions are used in this era that in following eras are reduced or completely obsoleted. Also there are some terms (complement and preposition) in this era that some grammar writers have considered them as compound preposition; while it seems that these terms are a combination of « simple preposition» and «complement».